Chicago Window Expert

Mark Meshulam is an expert witness and consultant for annealed glass, heat strengthened glass, tempered glass and insulated glass. .

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The glass you see as you drive down the street has been subjected to a variety of processes that impart desirable properties to the glass. Today we will briefly touch upon:

• Annealing
• Heat strengthening
• Tempering
• Insulating

Annealed glass

Float glass plant, where silica sand and other powders are melted and floated onto a pool of molten tin to create float glass

Annealed glass refers to glass which comes from the primary factory, the “float” plant. Most architectural glass is made by melting silica sand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, and salt cake to 2700 degrees F,and then floating it out atop a pool of molten tin in a continuous process. As it is pulled onto a long conveyer, it passes through an annealing lehr, a furnace that controls the cooling process. The flat, cooled, solidified clear stuff at the end of the line is annealed glass. This is cut into large sheets and shipped to other facilities where secondary processes are applied, including cutting-to-size, heat strengthening, tempering and insulating.

Heat strengthened glass

Heat strengthened and tempered glass are heated to 1200 degrees F, then rapidly cooled

Annealed glass is heat strengthened so that it can tolerate more rapid and uneven temperature swings during its service life, for instance where the glass is backed with insulation, back-painted, is in the presence of certain Low-E coatings, or uneven shading. To heat strengthen glass, first cut to size, place in tempering until it reaches 1100-1500 degrees F, then cool rapidly. Season to taste. Heat strengthened glass is about twice as strong as annealed glass.

Tempered glass

Heat strengthening and tempering produce permanent tension & compression within glass, producing correspondingly greater strength.

Tempered glass is tempered in order to make the glass significantly more resistant to blunt impact, such as a distracted pedestrian walking into a glass door. Tempering has an additional benefit: if it does break, it does so somewhat explosively in a zillion little pieces, making it less of a cutting hazard. This is why tempered glass is also called “safety glass” and is mandated in doors and sidelites. To make tempered glass, cut to size, heat it in a tempering oven, then cool even faster than heat strengthened glass. This creates a permanent equilibrium of tension and compression within the glass, where the surface layers are stretched tightly across the inner layer, creating strength 4-5 times greater than annealed glass.

Insulated glass

Composition of typical insulated glass with metal spacer

Glass is insulated in order to give it improved thermal properties. Today most architectural glass is insulated, even in warm climates where it helps with cooling loads. To insulate glass, cut two pieces the same size, clean them, place a dessicant-filled spacer between them, and use one or two layers of sealant to hold the glass together. This seals the airspace between the pieces of glass, creating an insulating layer of dry air. There is new “warm-edge” technology now available, where the spacer, dessicant and sealant are combined into one material, a thermoplastic which is applied to the glass in a near-liquid state. This improves thermal properties at the glass edge, improving overall window thermal performance.

Much more could be said about all of these technologies. Indeed your Chicago Window Expert has enthralled scores of cocktail party attendees with much more lengthy discourses on these subjects (“Hey come back! Where you going? I’m not done yet!”), so I will stop here for now.

Mark Meshulam stares thoughtfully at glass